openvpn组网技术原理及配置过程(centos服务器/安卓客户端/linux客户端)
hacker_lpy 2024-06-11 15:37:01 阅读 53
最近研究了一段时间的openvpn组网技术,也试着搭建了一个openvpn环境,大概理解了其中使用的一些技术原理,还是记录一下。本篇文章对专业搞网络的人也许用处不大,但是对于初次接触这些技术(比如vpn,代理技术,加密隧道,防火墙,路由,局域网组网)的人还是有一定价值的,便于理清整个vpn组网技术的脉络,也可以在遇到问题的时候自己排查。
openvpn是众多vpn种类的一种,是一个开源的产品,也是应用最广泛的一种vpn。支持的平台很多,我们常用的系统平台linux,window,安卓都支持。我搭建的openvpn服务端是运行在centos上,客户端是运行在安卓手机上的。其实不管运行在哪个平台,配置基本都是一样的。openvpn还有一个重要的功能是可以使用UDP协议传输数据,这相对于使用TCP传输数据的vpn,速度要快很多。
openvpn能构建一个虚拟专用网络(VPN),很多人也许不是很了解这句话包含的内容。一个是“虚拟的”,说的是这个网络内的各个主机在地理位置上,可能不是在相邻的地域,可能在地球的两端,可能横跨了整个互联网。这样看起来,这个网络就不像一个局域网,但是在逻辑上,是真正意义上的一个局域网。”虚拟“其实重点是指数据传输的通道上,这个通道是虚拟的,主机的网卡也是虚拟的,不是真实的网卡。还有一个形容词”专用“,这个就是指能和外部网络隔绝起来,为了不被外部网络影响,数据不被窥伺窃取篡改,VPN网络中两个主机之间的通信数据都会经过加密,这样的加密通信通道我们就称之为加密隧道。并且任何一台主机想要加入这个网络,都需要经过严格的认证授权。
VPN的数据包是在TCP/UDP数据包的基础上做了一层封装,这个封装的数据里就是VPN网络里面的局域网数据包,其中和正常的TCP/UDP数据包一样,也有源ip端口,目的ip端口。当然,这些局域网的数据包信息,只有解密了才能看到,外部即使截获了这个数据包,也解密不了其中的数据。这个数据包(也许是在互联网上)经过了漫长的传输后,到达最终目的地后才会能被正确的解密,递交给上层应用。
安装VPN客户端的主机上,当认证授权成功后加入VPN网络,都会新增一个虚拟网卡,作为VPN网络通信的专用网卡,VPN服务器启动成功后也一样虚拟出这个专用网卡。网卡的名称一般为tun0,就像下面的:
一、openvpn数据收发工作原理
其中openvpn收发数据处理过程,我大致画了一下,如下图:
上面的VPN主机1就相当于openvpn的客户端,VPN主机2就相当于openvpn的服务器。其中eth0网卡是真实的网卡,对外连接外部网络,tun0是openvpn的虚拟出来的网卡,专门处理openvpn的数据。
数据发送进程,想要给VPN网络中的其他节点发送数据,就使用对端局域网的ip来发送,也就是10.8.0.2这个ip。这个数据发送进程发送的数据,先交给内核的协议栈进行TCP/IP数据包的封装,这个TCP/IP数据包经过本地路由后,本地的路由会直接交给tun0网卡(注意,此处还有一个重要的角色本地路由表),因为tun0网卡是openvpn这个进程虚拟出来的网卡,数据包交给tun0网卡后都会经过openvpn这个进程的处理,openvpn会把收到的数据用自己的openvpn协议进行封装,然后加密成密文(这个加密过程应该是使用开源的ssl或者tls协议),加密完成后就发送给对端(数据接收端)的openvpn进程。至于是怎么知道接收端的openvpn进程的ip端口的,是在开始的时候openvpn客户端和服务端的一些列认证完成后,这个连接才能建立成功的。发送端的openvpn进行把密文数据发出后,也会经过内核的协议栈,进行TCP/IP的协议组包,然后再次经过本地的路由表进行路由,路由表会把这个TCP/IP包交给外网出口网卡eth0发送出去。此时,整个数据的发送过程结束。
VPN主机1从网卡eth0发送的TCP/IP数据包,经过漫长的路由和转发,最终到达目的地,也就是,数据包通过VPN主机2的外网网卡eth0进入,内核协议栈解析这个TCP/IP数据包,知道这个数据包的目的ip端口号(2.2.2.2:1194),于是交给了openvpn进程(openvpn接收进程)处理。openvpn进程对接收到的数据先进行解密,得到openvpn协议数据,然后把VPN主机1数据发送进程发送的数据,转发到tun0网卡(这个转发的处理过程不是很清楚,究竟是重新组TCP/IP包还是原样把发送进程经过tun0网卡后的TCP/IP包转发,我们不去深究,最终的到达VPN主机2的tun0网卡时都是一样的),数据到达tun0网卡后也会经过内核去分发,内核协议栈把TCP/IP的包头都去掉,只把数据部分交给数据接收进程。
至此,数据收发的过程完成。
二、openvpn认证(加密隧道建立)
上面的章节,介绍了openvpn网络中两个主机的数据收发过程,但是两个主机在能进行数据收发前,要先建立数据传输通道,这个就是加入openvpn网络的认证过程。数据通道的建立的过程,也是openvpn客户端和服务端进行协商的过程。openvpn采用ssl协议通信,既然采用ssl,那么就会有证书验证,协商对称加密密钥的过程。需要生成ca证书,服务端证书客户端证书等。具体的原理这里不细说,可以自行去谷歌。openvpn客户端认证通过后就和服务端建立了一条加密隧道,也就是一条安全的数据通道。
三、路由表在openvpn组网中的作用
在第一部分介绍原理的时候,说发往数据接收端ip10.8.0.2的数据包,都转发给tun0网卡处理,这是怎么做到的?答案就是路由表。在openvpn客户端和服务器之间认证通过后,openvpn客户端就会修改我们本地的路由表,添加一条路由记录,指示本地路由收到发往ip10.8.0.2的数据包,都交给tun0网卡转发。
除了上面提到的第一个作用之外,在openvpn工作的过程中,路由表还有一个作用,就是把本地所有的数据包(流量)都路由到openvpn服务端的机器上,也就是把openvpn服务端的机器,作为本地机器的网关。把openvpn服务端作为网关的一个作用是,可以让openvpn局域网中的节点,通过openvpn服务端机器访问互联网,作为外网的出口。就类似我们平常用路由器上网的网络拓扑结构,路由器(openvpn服务端所在机器)作为NAT设备,代理接入互联网。真正起到NAT作用的是服务端所在主机的防火墙进程,而不是openvpn服务端进程。linux下的防火墙也是一门高深的技术,功能十分强大。
openvpn客户端认证成功后,路由表的信息类似以下的截图:
tun0网卡的信息如下:
即openvpn客户端认证接入openvpn服务器后,分配到的局域网ip是10.8.0.6,服务器本身的局域网ip是10.8.0.5,这是一个点对点的网络。红线圈住的那几条就是openvpn新增的路由规则,其中第一条就是把openvpn服务端作为网关的路由规则。
四、openvpn安装配置过程
1、服务器端(centos)
我的服务端是部署在centos操作系统上的,安装openvpn就很简单了,直接用yum命令安装:
yum install -y openvpn
linux下安装的openvpn,客户端和服务端是一起的,运行的是服务端还是客户端,主要取决于配置文件。这个跟stunnel类似。
安装完成后,会有同时安装一些配置样例文件,用下面的命令进行查找:
find / -name "*openvpn*"
一般是/usr/share/doc/openvpn-xxx目录下,xxx是版本号。其中我们需要的几个文件就在sample/sample-config-files目录下,如下图:
安装服务端的时候,我们复制firewall.sh、openvpn-shutdown.sh、openvpn-startup.sh、server.conf这几个文件到一个单独的目录下,比如/root/openvpn-server,如果你能看懂这几个配置文件里面的信息,就可以对应着修改一下,以符合你的部署要求。
下面是我修改以后的配置:
openvpn-startup.sh文件:
#!/bin/sh# A sample OpenVPN startup script# for Linux.# openvpn config file directory# 此处获取当前目录路径dir=`pwd`# load the firewall # 调用firewall.sh脚本配置防火墙$dir/firewall.sh#iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE# load TUN/TAP kernel modulemodprobe tun# enable IP forwarding 打开ipv4的转发功能echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward# Invoke openvpn for each VPN tunnel# in daemon mode. Alternatively,# you could remove "--daemon" from# the command line and add "daemon"# to the config file.## Each tunnel should run on a separate# UDP port. Use the "port" option# to control this. Like all of# OpenVPN's options, you can# specify "--port 8000" on the command# line or "port 8000" in the config# file.# 启动openvpn服务端openvpn --cd $dir --daemon --config server.conf
firewall.sh文件:
#!/bin/sh# A Sample OpenVPN-aware firewall.# eth0 is connected to the internet.# eth1 is connected to a private subnet.# Change this subnet to correspond to your private# ethernet subnet. Home will use HOME_NET/24 and# Office will use OFFICE_NET/24.PRIVATE=10.8.0.0/24# Loopback addressLOOP=127.0.0.1# Delete old iptables rules# and temporarily block all traffic.iptables -P OUTPUT DROPiptables -P INPUT DROPiptables -P FORWARD DROP# 这条是删除原有的防火墙规则,删除的是filter表的规则,filter表的规则部分是作用在INPUT链上的iptables -F# Set default policies 重新设置链的默认策略iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPTiptables -P INPUT DROPiptables -P FORWARD DROP# Prevent external packets from using loopback addr 这里是避免外部发来的数据包的源地址和目的# 地址是回环地址,从而错误的递交给本地的进程。这应该是避免攻击的一些手段iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s $LOOP -j DROPiptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -s $LOOP -j DROPiptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -d $LOOP -j DROPiptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -d $LOOP -j DROP# Anything coming from the Internet should have a real Internet address# 这里是对一些有可能是错误发送的包进行丢弃iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j DROPiptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -s 172.16.0.0/12 -j DROPiptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROPiptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j DROPiptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 172.16.0.0/12 -j DROPiptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROP# Block outgoing NetBios (if you have windows machines running# on the private subnet). This will not affect any NetBios# traffic that flows over the VPN tunnel, but it will stop# local windows machines from broadcasting themselves to# the internet.# 这里是对windows的一些服务端口进行屏蔽,我们是linux不用管iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp --sport 137:139 -o eth0 -j DROPiptables -A FORWARD -p udp --sport 137:139 -o eth0 -j DROPiptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --sport 137:139 -o eth0 -j DROPiptables -A OUTPUT -p udp --sport 137:139 -o eth0 -j DROP# Check source address validity on packets going out to internet#iptables -A FORWARD -s ! $PRIVATE -i eth1 -j DROP#iptables -A FORWARD -m iprange ! --src-range 10.0.0.0-10.0.0.255 -i eth1 -j DROP# Allow local loopback 这里是对回环地址放行iptables -A INPUT -s $LOOP -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -d $LOOP -j ACCEPT# Allow incoming pings (can be disabled) 这里是对icmp协议放行,也就是能响应ping命令iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT# Allow services such as www and ssh (can be disabled) 这里是对常用的服务端口入栈放行iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport http -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport ssh -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 6679 -j ACCEPT# Allow incoming OpenVPN packets# Duplicate the line below for each# OpenVPN tunnel, changing --dport n# to match the OpenVPN UDP port.## In OpenVPN, the port number is# controlled by the --port n option.# If you put this option in the config# file, you can remove the leading '--'## If you taking the stateful firewall# approach (see the OpenVPN HOWTO),# then comment out the line below.# 这里是自己想要放行的端口和协议数据,有其他端口可以自行添加iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 9981 -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 9981 -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 6379 -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 6379 -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 6680 -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 6680 -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 1723 -j ACCEPT# Allow packets from TUN/TAP devices.# When OpenVPN is run in a secure mode,# it will authenticate packets prior# to their arriving on a tun or tap# interface. Therefore, it is not# necessary to add any filters here,# unless you want to restrict the# type of packets which can flow over# the tunnel.# 这里主要是对tun+网卡和tap+网卡的入栈和转发数据包放行,+号应该表示的是一个通配符iptables -A INPUT -i tun+ -j ACCEPTiptables -A FORWARD -i tun+ -j ACCEPTiptables -A INPUT -i tap+ -j ACCEPTiptables -A FORWARD -i tap+ -j ACCEPT# Allow packets from private subnets 这里是对eth1网卡的入栈和转发数据包放行iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -j ACCEPTiptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -j ACCEPT# Keep state of connections from local machine and private subnets# 这里是放行状态为NEW的出栈数据包iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state NEW -o eth0 -j ACCEPT# 这里放行已经建立连接和关联的入栈数据包iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT# 这里放行需要转发的包,有这两条,本机才能作为NAT代理客户端访问互联网iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state NEW -o eth0 -j ACCEPTiptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT# Masquerade local subnet# 对于需要通过openvpn服务端访问外网的客户端节点,这个防火墙配置是必需的,也是最重要的配置# 这个防火墙的配置是将路由后的源IP地址是10.8.0.0/24,输出网卡是eth0的数据包的源ip地址进行修改,改成本机的ip地址,这样响应数据包才能正确的给我们转发回来iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $PRIVATE -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
这个防火墙配置,比较考验技术,新手一般看不懂,除非对防火墙的原理很熟悉,如果要介绍完全这些防火墙配置,需要另一篇长篇大论 。这个配置是根据样例文件修改后的,大体还是不变,只做了小部分的修改。这个官方给的样例,是对防火墙规则做了严密的设计。如果你对安全性要求不高,可以将防火墙的INPUT、FORWARD、OUTPUT链的策略都改成ACCEPT,那么就只需要少许的防火墙配置就能达到目的,比如如下的配置(没有实际调试过,不保证正确性):
PRIVATE=10.8.0.0/24# 清空原有INPUT链的防火墙规则iptables -F# 放行所有输出包iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT# 放行所有输入包iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT# 放行所有需要转发的包iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT# 对于需要通过openvpn服务端访问外网的客户端节点,这个防火墙配置是必需的,也是最重要的配置# 这个防火墙的配置是将路由后的源IP地址是10.8.0.0/24,输出网卡是eth0的数据包的源ip地址进行修改,改成本机的ip地址,这样响应数据包才能正确的给我们转发回来iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $PRIVATE -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
server.conf文件:
################################################## Sample OpenVPN 2.0 config file for ## multi-client server. ## ## This file is for the server side ## of a many-clients <-> one-server ## OpenVPN configuration. ## ## OpenVPN also supports ## single-machine <-> single-machine ## configurations (See the Examples page ## on the web site for more info). ## ## This config should work on Windows ## or Linux/BSD systems. Remember on ## Windows to quote pathnames and use ## double backslashes, e.g.: ## "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\foo.key" ## ## Comments are preceded with '#' or ';' ################################################### Which local IP address should OpenVPN# listen on? (optional);local a.b.c.d# Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on?# If you want to run multiple OpenVPN instances# on the same machine, use a different port# number for each one. You will need to# open up this port on your firewall.# 这个是监听端口port 6379# TCP or UDP server?# 使用的协议,推荐使用udp协议,速度会快两三倍proto tcp;proto udp# "dev tun" will create a routed IP tunnel,# "dev tap" will create an ethernet tunnel.# Use "dev tap0" if you are ethernet bridging# and have precreated a tap0 virtual interface# and bridged it with your ethernet interface.# If you want to control access policies# over the VPN, you must create firewall# rules for the the TUN/TAP interface.# On non-Windows systems, you can give# an explicit unit number, such as tun0.# On Windows, use "dev-node" for this.# On most systems, the VPN will not function# unless you partially or fully disable# the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface.# 这里我们就使用tun,tap是以太网桥接方式,没有深究;dev tapdev tun# Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name# from the Network Connections panel if you# have more than one. On XP SP2 or higher,# you may need to selectively disable the# Windows firewall for the TAP adapter.# Non-Windows systems usually don't need this.;dev-node MyTap# SSL/TLS root certificate (ca), certificate# (cert), and private key (key). Each client# and the server must have their own cert and# key file. The server and all clients will# use the same ca file.## See the "easy-rsa" directory for a series# of scripts for generating RSA certificates# and private keys. Remember to use# a unique Common Name for the server# and each of the client certificates.## Any X509 key management system can be used.# OpenVPN can also use a PKCS #12 formatted key file# (see "pkcs12" directive in man page).# 这里配置ca证书,服务端证书,服务端密钥ca ./crt/ca.crtcert ./crt/server.crtkey ./crt/server.key # This file should be kept secret# Diffie hellman parameters.# Generate your own with:# openssl dhparam -out dh2048.pem 2048# 都告诉你了,直接使用命令openssl dhparam -out dh2048.pem 2048生成,具体作用可以自行谷歌dh ./crt/dh2048.pem# Network topology# Should be subnet (addressing via IP)# unless Windows clients v2.0.9 and lower have to# be supported (then net30, i.e. a /30 per client)# Defaults to net30 (not recommended);topology subnet# Configure server mode and supply a VPN subnet# for OpenVPN to draw client addresses from.# The server will take 10.8.0.1 for itself,# the rest will be made available to clients.# Each client will be able to reach the server# on 10.8.0.1. Comment this line out if you are# ethernet bridging. See the man page for more info.# 这里配置openvpn网络,包括ip和子网掩码,我们就用默认的server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0# Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address# associations in this file. If OpenVPN goes down or# is restarted, reconnecting clients can be assigned# the same virtual IP address from the pool that was# previously assigned.# 这里是为了保证同一个客户端多次连接后分配给相同的局域网ip地址ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt# Configure server mode for ethernet bridging.# You must first use your OS's bridging capability# to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet# NIC interface. Then you must manually set the# IP/netmask on the bridge interface, here we# assume 10.8.0.4/255.255.255.0. Finally we# must set aside an IP range in this subnet# (start=10.8.0.50 end=10.8.0.100) to allocate# to connecting clients. Leave this line commented# out unless you are ethernet bridging.;server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.50 10.8.0.100# Configure server mode for ethernet bridging# using a DHCP-proxy, where clients talk# to the OpenVPN server-side DHCP server# to receive their IP address allocation# and DNS server addresses. You must first use# your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP# interface with the ethernet NIC interface.# Note: this mode only works on clients (such as# Windows), where the client-side TAP adapter is# bound to a DHCP client.;server-bridge# Push routes to the client to allow it# to reach other private subnets behind# the server. Remember that these# private subnets will also need# to know to route the OpenVPN client# address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0)# back to the OpenVPN server.;push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0";push "route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0"# To assign specific IP addresses to specific# clients or if a connecting client has a private# subnet behind it that should also have VPN access,# use the subdirectory "ccd" for client-specific# configuration files (see man page for more info).# EXAMPLE: Suppose the client# having the certificate common name "Thelonious"# also has a small subnet behind his connecting# machine, such as 192.168.40.128/255.255.255.248.# First, uncomment out these lines:;client-config-dir ccd;route 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248# Then create a file ccd/Thelonious with this line:# iroute 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248# This will allow Thelonious' private subnet to# access the VPN. This example will only work# if you are routing, not bridging, i.e. you are# using "dev tun" and "server" directives.# EXAMPLE: Suppose you want to give# Thelonious a fixed VPN IP address of 10.9.0.1.# First uncomment out these lines:;client-config-dir ccd;route 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.252# Then add this line to ccd/Thelonious:# ifconfig-push 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.2# Suppose that you want to enable different# firewall access policies for different groups# of clients. There are two methods:# (1) Run multiple OpenVPN daemons, one for each# group, and firewall the TUN/TAP interface# for each group/daemon appropriately.# (2) (Advanced) Create a script to dynamically# modify the firewall in response to access# from different clients. See man# page for more info on learn-address script.;learn-address ./script# If enabled, this directive will configure# all clients to redirect their default# network gateway through the VPN, causing# all IP traffic such as web browsing and# and DNS lookups to go through the VPN# (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT# or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet# in order for this to work properly).# 这里是将客户端的所有流量定向到服务器端,也就是让客户端修改自己的路由表# 把服务器端的局域网ip地址作为网关,在上面的《三、路由表在openvpn组网中的作用》中有提到push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"# Certain Windows-specific network settings# can be pushed to clients, such as DNS# or WINS server addresses. CAVEAT:# http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats# The addresses below refer to the public# DNS servers provided by opendns.com.# 这里是给客户端推送DNS服务器地址,如果没有这个推送,客户端还是会用本地默认的DNS地址,有可能导致# DNS解析失败,这个我是使用命令查看服务器本地的DNS服务器:cat /etc/resolv.conf# 你也可以使用其他的DNS服务器,只要客户端能正确解析出域名push "dhcp-option DNS 100.100.2.136"push "dhcp-option DNS 100.100.2.138"# Uncomment this directive to allow different# clients to be able to "see" each other.# By default, clients will only see the server.# To force clients to only see the server, you# will also need to appropriately firewall the# server's TUN/TAP interface.# 这里是配置让接入到服务器的多个客户端彼此能看到对方,即能正常通信client-to-client# Uncomment this directive if multiple clients# might connect with the same certificate/key# files or common names. This is recommended# only for testing purposes. For production use,# each client should have its own certificate/key# pair.## IF YOU HAVE NOT GENERATED INDIVIDUAL# CERTIFICATE/KEY PAIRS FOR EACH CLIENT,# EACH HAVING ITS OWN UNIQUE "COMMON NAME",# UNCOMMENT THIS LINE OUT.# 这里允许使用同一个证书的多个客户端登录duplicate-cn# The keepalive directive causes ping-like# messages to be sent back and forth over# the link so that each side knows when# the other side has gone down.# Ping every 10 seconds, assume that remote# peer is down if no ping received during# a 120 second time period.keepalive 10 120# For extra security beyond that provided# by SSL/TLS, create an "HMAC firewall"# to help block DoS attacks and UDP port flooding.## Generate with:# openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key## The server and each client must have# a copy of this key.# The second parameter should be '0'# on the server and '1' on the clients.# 这里的ta.key文件也是根据命令openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key直接生成tls-auth ./crt/ta.key 0 # This file is secret# Select a cryptographic cipher.# This config item must be copied to# the client config file as well.# Note that v2.4 client/server will automatically# negotiate AES-256-GCM in TLS mode.# See also the ncp-cipher option in the manpage# 这里是指定对称加密算法,服务端和客户的配置要一样cipher AES-256-GCM# Enable compression on the VPN link and push the# option to the client (v2.4+ only, for earlier# versions see below)# 这里是允许压缩,并且把这个压缩配置推送给了客户端,客户端可以不用配置compress lz4-v2push "compress lz4-v2"# For compression compatible with older clients use comp-lzo# If you enable it here, you must also# enable it in the client config file.;comp-lzo# The maximum number of concurrently connected# clients we want to allow.;max-clients 100# It's a good idea to reduce the OpenVPN# daemon's privileges after initialization.## You can uncomment this out on# non-Windows systems.# 这里设置openvpn允许使用的角色和用户组user rootgroup root# The persist options will try to avoid# accessing certain resources on restart# that may no longer be accessible because# of the privilege downgrade.# 这里不是很懂,直接保持原样,没有这个有时候会报错persist-keypersist-tun# Output a short status file showing# current connections, truncated# and rewritten every minute.# 这里是每分钟记录客户端的状态status openvpn-status.log# By default, log messages will go to the syslog (or# on Windows, if running as a service, they will go to# the "\Program Files\OpenVPN\log" directory).# Use log or log-append to override this default.# "log" will truncate the log file on OpenVPN startup,# while "log-append" will append to it. Use one# or the other (but not both).# 这里是日志输出文件,log是每次启动覆盖之前的日志,log-append会往后追加,不要同时配置两个log ./openvpn.log;log-append ./openvpn.log# Set the appropriate level of log# file verbosity.## 0 is silent, except for fatal errors# 4 is reasonable for general usage# 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems# 9 is extremely verbose# 这里是日志输出等级,数字越高,日志越详细verb 3# Silence repeating messages. At most 20# sequential messages of the same message# category will be output to the log.;mute 20# Notify the client that when the server restarts so it# can automatically reconnect.;explicit-exit-notify 1
这个server.conf服务端配置文件也是根据样例文件做的一些修改。一些比较重要的配置我已经标注出来了。证书的话需要自己制作,使用openssl命令就可以生成。参考:OPenSSL-生成证书-CSDN博客
openvpn-shutdown.sh文件就不用改了,所有配置都配好就就可以启动openvpn服务器:
./openvpn-startup.sh
如果有报错就看当前目录下的openvpn.log文件查看错误
检查是否启动成功:
netstat -nlap | grep openvpn
看到6379端口在监听就说明启动成功
2、客户端(centos)
服务端启动成功后,可以使用linux的客户端连接一下,看能不能正常工作,一般都不会一次成功,都会有各种各样的问题。
centos系统上的openvpn客户端和服务端是不区分的,前面讲服务的部署的时候提到有一个client.conf的样例配置文件,我也是拿这个来改了一下。
client.conf文件如下:
############################################### Sample client-side OpenVPN 2.0 config file ## for connecting to multi-client server. ## ## This configuration can be used by multiple ## clients, however each client should have ## its own cert and key files. ## ## On Windows, you might want to rename this ## file so it has a .ovpn extension ################################################ Specify that we are a client and that we# will be pulling certain config file directives# from the server.# 这里需要指明是客户端才行client# Use the same setting as you are using on# the server.# On most systems, the VPN will not function# unless you partially or fully disable# the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface.# 这里跟服务端的配置一样;dev tapdev tun# Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name# from the Network Connections panel# if you have more than one. On XP SP2,# you may need to disable the firewall# for the TAP adapter.;dev-node MyTap# Are we connecting to a TCP or# UDP server? Use the same setting as# on the server.# 这里是使用协议,必须跟服务端一致proto tcp;proto udp# The hostname/IP and port of the server.# You can have multiple remote entries# to load balance between the servers.# 这里填服务器端的IP端口remote 1.1.1.1 6679#remote my-server-2 1194# Choose a random host from the remote# list for load-balancing. Otherwise# try hosts in the order specified.;remote-random# Keep trying indefinitely to resolve the# host name of the OpenVPN server. Very useful# on machines which are not permanently connected# to the internet such as laptops.# 这里就用默认的配置resolv-retry infinite# Most clients don't need to bind to# a specific local port number.# 这里指明通信绑定的端口,一般都不指定,系统随机分配nobind# Downgrade privileges after initialization (non-Windows only);user nobody;group nobody# Try to preserve some state across restarts.# 这里不是很懂用来干嘛的,看注释是重启的时候维持一些状态,我们就使用默认配置persist-keypersist-tun# If you are connecting through an# HTTP proxy to reach the actual OpenVPN# server, put the proxy server/IP and# port number here. See the man page# if your proxy server requires# authentication.;http-proxy-retry # retry on connection failures;http-proxy [proxy server] [proxy port #]# Wireless networks often produce a lot# of duplicate packets. Set this flag# to silence duplicate packet warnings.;mute-replay-warnings# SSL/TLS parms.# See the server config file for more# description. It's best to use# a separate .crt/.key file pair# for each client. A single ca# file can be used for all clients.# 这里就配置ssl通信用的ca证书,客户端证书,客户端私钥,可以指定路径,默认是当前目录ca ca.crtcert client.crtkey client.key# Verify server certificate by checking that the# certicate has the correct key usage set.# This is an important precaution to protect against# a potential attack discussed here:# http://openvpn.net/howto.html#mitm## To use this feature, you will need to generate# your server certificates with the keyUsage set to# digitalSignature, keyEncipherment# and the extendedKeyUsage to# serverAuth# EasyRSA can do this for you.# 这里需要注更改默认的配置,默认是打开的,因为我制作的服务端证书没有它指定的几个信息,我就不做校验了,当然你也可以按他的指示重新制作服务端证书,这个是为了避免潜在的攻击的#remote-cert-tls server# If a tls-auth key is used on the server# then every client must also have the key.# 这里配置tls认证key,这个就是服务器使用的ta.key,两端是同一个文件tls-auth ta.key 1# Select a cryptographic cipher.# If the cipher option is used on the server# then you must also specify it here.# Note that v2.4 client/server will automatically# negotiate AES-256-GCM in TLS mode.# See also the ncp-cipher option in the manpage# 加密算法,跟服务端要一致,但是我发现服务端配置的是AES-256-GCM,这里配置的是AES-256-CBC,也一样能正常加解密,比较奇怪,可能最终协商一致就可以cipher AES-256-CBC# Enable compression on the VPN link.# Don't enable this unless it is also# enabled in the server config file.#comp-lzo# Set log file verbosity.# 日志等级verb 3# Silence repeating messages;mute 20# 服务端已经配置,这里不需要重新配置;redirect-gateway autolocal
配置完成后开始启动客户端:openvpn --config client.conf
如果打印如下的日志,就是连接成功了
连接成功后我们查看一下网卡配置:
看到tun0网卡已经被创建好,服务端分配给我们客户端的ip是10.8.0.6,因为是点对点的网络,对端显示的ip是10.8.0.5,但是我们试着ping一下这个ip,发现ping不通,似乎这个ip是不存在的。但是我们此时去服务端查看一下服务端的tun0网卡的ip发现是10.8.0.1,于是尝试ping这个ip证明我们已经和服务端建立了通信:
看到能ping通,说明已经能和服务端通信,vpn网络已经组网完成。
在测试过程中我发现客户端和服务器端是能进行通信,但是客户端主机解析不了域名,用命令:cat /etc/resolv.conf 查看了一下域名服务器地址,发现域名服务器地址还是本地的ip,没有自动改成服务器端给我们推送的DNS地址。我手动把这个文件的DNS地址改成服务端推送的DNS地址就可以正常进行域名解析了。此时就可以通过openvpn访问外网,客户端所有流量都会通过服务器端转发。
3、客户端(Android)
对于openvpn的安卓客户端,有两款,一款叫OpenVPN Connect,一款叫OpenVPN For Android,两款都可以用,可能需要一点技术才能下载到。
openvpn的安卓客户,在制作配置文件的时候会有点麻烦,但是如果掌握了方法也很简单。刚开始我认为配置文件在各个平台都通用,我已经在linux上配置好配置文件,直接拷贝到安卓上就行,但是发现导入配置文件的时候只能导入一个文件,那还有ca证书,客户端证书,客户端私钥,还有ta.key文件怎么导入?没法办只能求助谷歌,找了很久才在openvpn的社区中找到安卓配置文件的制作方法。
原来openvpn的配置文件支持把这些证书文件内联到配置文件中。就拿以上centos客户端的配置文件来举例,需要以下四个配置项
ca ca.crtcert client.crtkey client.keytls-auth ta.key 1
即需要内联四个证书,内联的时候只需要将证书文件内容包含在<configItemName></configItemName>中就可以,例如ca证书内联后就为
<ca>...</ca>
于是就可以拿上面的centos客户端配置来制作,先把client.conf改成文件名client.ovpn,安卓只支持这个后缀名文件。然后执行下面的命令将证书内联进配置文件:
echo "<ca>" >> client.ovpncat ca.crt >> client.ovpnecho "</ca>" >> client.ovpnecho "<cert>" >> client.ovpncat client.crt >> client.ovpnecho "</cert>" >> client.ovpnecho "<key>" >> client.ovpncat client.key >> client.ovpnecho "</key>" >> client.ovpnecho "key-direction 1" >> client.ovpnecho "<tls-auth>" >> client.ovpncat ta.key >> client.ovpnecho "</tls-auth>" >> client.ovpn
因为tls-auth ta.key 1这个配置除了配置ta.key证书文件,还有一个配置参数,所以内联了ta.key文件后,还需要添加key-direction 1这个配置参数。
OpenVPN Connect导入配置文件,就是点右下角的加号->Upload File->BROWSE,选择配置文件后导入。OpenVPN For Android导入配置,就是点击右上角的加号->IMPORT导入。这两款App的配置文件都通用
导入配置文件后,就可以点连接,如果没连上可以点右上角的按钮查看日志,然后再排查文件。如果显示连接成功,那么恭喜你,可以使用自己的openvpn了。
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