在Linux下，我们精要遇到需要查看系统的硬件信息， 这里我罗列了查看系统硬件信息的实用命令，并做了分类，实例解说。

执行环境：ubuntu 16.04

1. cpu

lscpu命令，查看的是cpu的统计信息.

<code>root@ubuntu:/home/peng/# lscpu

Architecture: x86_64 #cpu架构

CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit

Byte Order: Little Endian #小尾序

CPU(s): 1 #总共有1核

On-line CPU(s) list: 0

Thread(s) per core: 1 #每个cpu核，只能支持一个线程，即不支持超线程

Core(s) per socket: 1

Socket(s): 1

NUMA node(s): 1

Vendor ID: GenuineIntel #cpu产商 intel

CPU family: 6

Model: 158

Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-7500 CPU @ 3.40GHz

Stepping: 9

CPU MHz: 3408.070

BogoMIPS: 6816.14

Hypervisor vendor: VMware

Virtualization type: full #支持cpu虚拟化技术

L1d cache: 32K

L1i cache: 32K

L2 cache: 256K

L3 cache: 6144K

NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0

查看/proc/cpuinfo,可以知道每个cpu信息，如每个CPU的型号，主频等。

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# cat /proc/cpuinfo

processor: 0

vendor_id: GenuineIntel

cpu family: 6

model: 158

model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-7500 CPU @ 3.40GHz

stepping: 9

microcode: 0x48

cpu MHz: 3408.070

cache size: 6144 KB

physical id: 0

siblings: 1

core id: 0

cpu cores: 1

apicid: 0

initial apicid: 0

fpu: yes

fpu_exception: yes

cpuid level: 22

wp: yes

.....

2. 内存

概要查看内存情况

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# free -m

total used free shared buff/cache available

Mem: 1970 702 315 13 952 1025

Swap: 974 20 954

这里的单位是MB，总共的内存是1970MB。

查看内存详细使用

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# cat /proc/meminfo

MemTotal: 2017516 kB

MemFree: 242020 kB

MemAvailable: 1003240 kB

Buffers: 104192 kB

Cached: 699824 kB

SwapCached: 1832 kB

Active: 696320 kB

Inactive: 639924 kB

Active(anon): 236412 kB

Inactive(anon): 301996 kB

Active(file): 459908 kB

Inactive(file): 337928 kB

Unevictable: 48 kB

Mlocked: 48 kB

.....

查看内存硬件信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# dmidecode -t memory

# dmidecode 3.0

Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.

SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0084, DMI type 5, 46 bytes

Memory Controller Information

Error Detecting Method: None

Error Correcting Capabilities:

None

Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave

Current Interleave: One-way Interleave

Maximum Memory Module Size: 32768 MB

Maximum Total Memory Size: 491520 MB

Supported Speeds:

70 ns

60 ns

Supported Memory Types:

FPM

EDO

DIMM

SDRAM

Memory Module Voltage: 3.3 V

Associated Memory Slots: 15

.....

内存最大值是 491520 MB。

3. 磁盘

查看硬盘和分区分布

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom

sda 8:0 0 500G 0 disk

├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part

├─sda5 8:5 0 975M 0 part [SWAP]

└─sda1 8:1 0 499G 0 part /

查看硬盘和分区的详细信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 500 GiB, 536870912000 bytes, 1048576000 sectors

Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disklabel type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x9c674a44

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sda1 * 2048 1046575103 1046573056 499G 83 Linux

/dev/sda2 1046577150 1048573951 1996802 975M 5 Extended

/dev/sda5 1046577152 1048573951 1996800 975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris

4. 网卡

查看网卡硬件信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lspci | grep -i 'eth'

02:01.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) (rev 01)

查看系统的所有网络接口

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ifconfig -a

ens33 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0c:29:bb:bd:40

inet addr:192.168.0.117 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

inet6 addr: fe80::76fa:5548:3da0:2ef/64 Scope:Link

UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1

RX packets:174629 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:105285 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000

RX bytes:237519396 (237.5 MB) TX bytes:9592767 (9.5 MB)

lo Link encap:Local Loopback

inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0

inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host

UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1

RX packets:854 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:854 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000

RX bytes:60894 (60.8 KB) TX bytes:60894 (60.8 KB)

或者是

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ip link show

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000

link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:bb:bd:40 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

或者

如果要查看某个网络接口的详细信息，例如ens33的详细参数和指标

【有的ubuntu网口是eth0】

<code>root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ethtool ens33

Settings for ens33:

Supported ports: [ TP ]

Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full

100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full #支持千兆半双工，全双工模式

1000baseT/Full

Supported pause frame use: No

Supports auto-negotiation: Yes #默认使用自适应模式

Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full

100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full

1000baseT/Full

Advertised pause frame use: No

Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes

Speed: 1000Mb/s #网卡的速度是1000Mb

Duplex: Full #全双工

Port: Twisted Pair

PHYAD: 0

Transceiver: internal

Auto-negotiation: on

MDI-X: off (auto)

Supports Wake-on: d

Wake-on: d

Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)

drv probe link

Link detected: yes #表示有网线连接，和路由是通的

5. pci

查看pci信息，即主板所有硬件槽信息。

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lspci

00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82845 845 (Brookdale) Chipset Host Bridge (rev 04)

00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82845 845 (Brookdale) Chipset AGP Bridge(rev 04)

00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM USB (Hub #1) (rev 02)

00:1d.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM USB (Hub #2) (rev 02)

00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 Mobile PCI Bridge (rev 42)

00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801CAM ISA Bridge (LPC) (rev 02)

00:1f.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801CAM IDE U100 (rev 02)

00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM SMBus Controller (rev 02)

00:1f.5 Multimedia audio controller:Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 02)

00:1f.6 Modem: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM AC'97 Modem Controller (rev 02)

01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go](rev a3)

02:00.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): VIA Technologies, Inc. IEEE 1394 Host Controller(rev 46)

02:01.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+(rev 10)

02:04.0 CardBus bridge: O2 Micro, Inc. OZ6933 Cardbus Controller (rev 01)

02:04.1 CardBus bridge: O2 Micro, Inc. OZ6933 Cardbus Controller (rev 01)

由上述的 输出可以看到，我的电脑上共有3个PCI总线(0号，1号，2号）。在单个系统上，插入多个总线是通过桥（bridge)来完成的，桥是一种用来连接总线 的特殊PCI外设。所以，PCI系统的整体布局组织为树型，我们可以通过上面的lspci输出，来画出我的电脑上的PCI系统的树型结构：

00:00.0(主桥）--00:01.0(PCI桥）-----01:00:0(nVidia显卡）

|

|---00:1d(USB控制器)--00:1d:0(USB1号控制器）

| |

| |--00:1d:1(USB2号控制器） |

|-00:1e:0(PCI桥)--02:00.0(IEEE1394)

| |

| |-02:01.0(8139网卡）

| |

| |-02:04(CardBus桥)-02:04.0(桥1）

| |

| |--02:04.1(桥2)

|

|-00:1f(多功能板卡)-00:1f:0(ISA桥）

|

|--00:1f:1(IDE接口)

|

|--00:1f:3(SMBus)

|

|--00:1f:5(多媒体声音控制器)

|

|--00:1f:6(调制解调器)

由上图可以得出，我的电脑上共有8个PCI设备，其中0号总线上(主桥)上连有4个，1号总线上连有1个，2号总线上连有3个。00:1f是一个连有5个功能的多功能板卡。

如果要更详细的信息:

lspci -v 或者 lspci -vv

如果要看设备树:lscpi -t

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lspci -t

6. usb

查看usb信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsusb

Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub

Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0e0f:0002 VMware, Inc. Virtual USB Hub

Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0e0f:0003 VMware, Inc. Virtual Mouse

Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub

lsusb -t查看系统中的USB拓扑，类似cat /sys/kernel/debug/usb/devices

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsusb -t

/: Bus 02.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=uhci_hcd/2p, 12M

|__ Port 1: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, 12M

|__ Port 2: Dev 3, If 0, Class=Hub, Driver=hub/7p, 12M

/: Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=ehci-pci/6p, 480M

/var/lib/usbutils/usb.ids还保存了很多设备商的VID信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# cat /var/lib/usbutils/usb.ids | grep King

7778 Counterfeit flash drive [Kingston]

0100 Kingston Flash Drive (128MB)

c010 Kingston FCR-HS2/ATA Card Reader

07cb Kingmax Technology, Inc.

4100 Kingsun SF-620 Infrared Adapter

4959 Kingsun KS-959 Infrared Adapter

0015 Kingston DataTraveler ELITE

0016 Kingston DataTraveler U3

0998 Kingston Data Traveler2.0 Disk Driver

0999 Kingston Data Traveler2.0 Disk Driver

6519 Kingston DataTraveler 2.0 USB Stick

653c Kingston DataTraveler 2.0 Stick (512M)

653d Kingston DataTraveler 2.0 Stick (1GB)

6544 TransMemory-Mini / Kingston DataTraveler 2.0 Stick (2GB)

6545 Kingston DataTraveler 102/2.0 / HEMA Flash Drive 2 GB / PNY Attache 4GB Stick

0951 Kingston Technology

0d8a King Jim Co., Ltd

00a3 Smart King PRO Uninterruptible Power Supply (HID PDC)

0e56 Kingston Technology Company, Inc.

0f8e Kingnet Technology Co., Ltd

13fe Kingston Technology Company Inc.

1f00 Kingston DataTraveler / Patriot Xporter

1687 Kingmax Digital Inc.

16df King Billion Electronics Co., Ltd.

2149 EntropyKing Random Number Generator

lsusb -v查看系统中USB设备的详细信息

lsusb -v

7. lshw查看所有硬件摘要信息

下面命令可以查看所有硬件摘要信息，并输出成一个html文件，把此html文件导出到电脑上，直接打开，可以清楚的看到硬件信息：

lshw -html > /hardware.html

8. lsscsi查看SCSI控制器设备的信息

可以看到SCSI信息和所有虚拟磁盘以及光驱的信息，如果没有硬件SCSI控制器，那就不会返回信息：

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsscsi

[2:0:0:0] disk VMware, VMware Virtual S 1.0 /dev/sda

[4:0:0:0] cd/dvd NECVMWar VMware SATA CD01 1.00 /dev/sr0

插入一个U盘后再查看：

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsscsi

[2:0:0:0] disk VMware, VMware Virtual S 1.0 /dev/sda

[4:0:0:0] cd/dvd NECVMWar VMware SATA CD01 1.00 /dev/sr0

[33:0:0:0] disk Kingston DataTraveler G2 1.00 /dev/sdb

可以看到U盘为Kingston。

9. 查看bios信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# dmidecode -t bios

# dmidecode 3.0

Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.

SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes

BIOS Information

Vendor: Phoenix Technologies LTD

Version: 6.00

Release Date: 07/29/2019

Address: 0xEA480

Runtime Size: 88960 bytes

ROM Size: 64 kB

Characteristics:

ISA is supported

PCI is supported

PC Card (PCMCIA) is supported

PNP is supported

APM is supported

BIOS is upgradeable

BIOS shadowing is allowed

ESCD support is available

Boot from CD is supported

Selectable boot is supported

EDD is supported

Print screen service is supported (int 5h)

8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h)

Serial services are supported (int 14h)

Printer services are supported (int 17h)

CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h)

ACPI is supported

Smart battery is supported

BIOS boot specification is supported

Function key-initiated network boot is supported

Targeted content distribution is supported

BIOS Revision: 4.6

Firmware Revision: 0.0

dmidecode以一种可读的方式dump出机器的DMI(Desktop Management Interface)信息。这些信息包括了硬件以及BIOS，既可以得到当前的配置，也可以得到系统支持的最大配置，比如说支持的最大内存数等。

如果要查看所有有用信息

dmidecode -q

里面包含了很多硬件信息。