（一）Linux 系统安装Anaconda及环境配置

初夏wei凉 2024-06-23 15:07:10 阅读 50

一、下载Anaconda

Anaconda网站https://www.anaconda.com/下载所需的版本，例如：Anaconda3-2023.09-0-Linux-x86_64.sh。（也可以使用网址路径直接在linux下下载，这里暂不介绍）

二、安装Anaconda

1.将下载的安装包放在Linux系统路径下，并调到此路径下。

2.Linux命令：

bash Anaconda3-2023.09-0-Linux-x86_64.sh

3.一直按回车，或按q+yes跳过阅读

（1）默认安装在用户目录下，回车即可安装；

（2）也可自定义安装目录，直接输入安装目录，回车即可安装；

（3）直到出现“Do you wish the installer to initialize Anaconda3 by running conda init ? ”，输入no，回车。

三、配置环境变量（不然会出现conda不识别情况）

（1）输入 echo $PATH查看是否已添加到环境变量中。如果不存在或者conda不识别，则进行（2）或（3）步骤。

(base) fzx@fzx-System-Product-Name:~$ echo $PATH/home/fzx/anaconda3/bin:/home/fzx/anaconda3/condabin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin

（2）永久生效

如果在安装Anaconda的过程中没有将安装路径添加到系统环境变量中，需要在安装后手工添加：

a.在终端输入$sudo gedit /etc/profile，打开profile文件。

sudo gedit /etc/profile

b.在文件末尾添加一行：export PATH=/home/username/anaconda3/bin:$PATH，其中，将“/home/username/anaconda3/bin”替换为你实际的安装路径。保存。

export PATH=/home/username/anaconda3/bin:$PATH

c.重启Linux。

d.打开终端，输入conda，回车后显示帮助内容即配置成功

ps:也可以在终端中输入echo $PATH查看已有的环境变量，确认输出里是否已有Anaconda路径了。

（3）暂时性生效

将anaconda配置进环境变量。

export PATH=~/anaconda3/bin:$PATH

更新bashrc，激活环境变量；

source ~/.bashrc

（4）conda创建环境时出现NoWritableEnvsDirError: No writeable envs directories configured：原因是安装后的anaconda文件没有读写权限，解决方法：

sudo chmod 777 -R xxx/anaconda3/(此处为anaconda文件路径)

四、在Linux环境下修改Anaconda的默认虚拟环境安装位置

1. 一种方法是通过修改用户目录下的.condarc文件，添加或修改envs_dirs选项，指定虚拟环境的存储路径。这种方法可以按照自己的喜好设置多个虚拟环境路径，并且按照顺序搜索和创建虚拟环境。相关命令如下：

(1) 使用命令conda info查看虚拟环境存放地址和其中的安装包的存放地址。Note：排在第一位的就是默认的地址。

package cache : /home/sxw/anaconda3/pkgs /home/sxw/.conda/pkgsenvs directories : /home/sxw/anaconda3/envs /home/sxw/.conda/envs

(2) 在配置文件.condarc中，修改虚拟环境的默认地址

vim ~/.condarc

(3) 添加或修改以下内容：其中/xx/xxx/new_path/new_path/new_path/envs，就是设置的新的默认地址（放在第一位）

package cache : /home/sxw/anaconda3/pkgs /home/sxw/.conda/pkgsenvs directories : /home/sxw/anaconda3/envs /home/sxw/.conda/envs

（4）提示：修改文件时，不要用tab键，不然会报错如下。

Ignoring configuration file (/home/sxw/.condarc) due to error:Unable to load configuration file. path: /home/sxw/.condarc reason: invalid yaml at line 1, column 8

使用空格键代替tab。

常用vim命令：i：进入编辑模式；esc+shift+;或者esc：返回普通模式；

以下命令都在普通模式下输入：

:q：退出文件；:q!：放弃修改退出；:wq：保存修改退出；:e!：放弃修改，重新回到文件打开的状态；u:：撤销上一步的操作。

2. 另一种方法是通过在创建虚拟环境时使用–prefix参数，指定虚拟环境的位置⁴。这种方法可以灵活地为每个虚拟环境单独指定位置，但是需要在激活和删除虚拟环境时也使用–prefix参数。相关命令如下：

# 创建一个名为myenv的虚拟环境，并指定其位置为/home/user/myenvconda create --prefix /home/user/myenv# 激活该虚拟环境conda activate /home/user/myenv# 删除该虚拟环境conda remove --prefix /home/user/myenv --all

五、更换镜像下载源

（此处更换为清华源，也可换为阿里云和中科大）

各系统都可以通过修改用户目录下的.condarc文件来使用 TUNA 镜像源。

Windows 用户无法直接创建名为.condarc的文件，可先执行conda config --set show_channel_urls yes生成该文件之后再修改。

1.vim进入.condarc文件

vim ~/.condarc

2. 将下面配置黏贴进去，并检查前面空格为空格而不是tab。

channels: - defaultsshow_channel_urls: truedefault_channels: - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/r - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/msys2custom_channels: conda-forge: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud msys2: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud bioconda: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud menpo: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud pytorch: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud pytorch-lts: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud simpleitk: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud

如果是tab的话，.condarc文件内容将多出一行

show_channel_urls: true

这将导致后续执行conda clean -i报错

# >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ERROR REPORT <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/sxw/anaconda3/lib/python3.11/site-packages/conda/exception_handler.py", line 17, in __call__ return func(*args, **kwargs) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/home/sxw/anaconda3/lib/python3.11/site-packages/conda/cli/main.py", line 47, in main_subshell context.__init__(argparse_args=pre_args) File "/home/sxw/anaconda3/lib/python3.11/site-packages/conda/base/context.py", line 456, in __init__ self._set_search_path( File "/home/sxw/anaconda3/lib/python3.11/site-packages/conda/common/configuration.py", line 1428, in _set_search_path self._set_raw_data(dict(self._load_search_path(self._search_path))) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/home/sxw/anaconda3/lib/python3.11/site-packages/conda/common/configuration.py", line 1417, in _load_search_path yield path, YamlRawParameter.make_raw_parameters_from_file(path) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/home/sxw/anaconda3/lib/python3.11/site-packages/conda/common/configuration.py", line 416, in make_raw_parameters_from_file return cls.make_raw_parameters(filepath, yaml_obj) or EMPTY_MAP ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/home/sxw/anaconda3/lib/python3.11/site-packages/conda/common/configuration.py", line 389, in make_raw_parameters return { ^ File "/home/sxw/anaconda3/lib/python3.11/site-packages/conda/common/configuration.py", line 391, in <dictcomp> source, key, from_map[key], cls._get_yaml_key_comment(from_map, key) ~~~~~~~~^^^^^ TypeError: string indices must be integers, not 'str'`$ /home/sxw/anaconda3/bin/conda config --remove-key channels` environment variables: CIO_TEST=<not set> CONDA_ROOT=/home/sxw/anaconda3 CURL_CA_BUNDLE=<not set> LD_PRELOAD=<not set> PATH=/home/sxw/anaconda3/bin/:~/MyApp/anaconda3/bin:~/MyApp/anaconda3/bin:~ /MyApp/anaconda3/bin:~/MyApp/anaconda3/bin:~/MyApp/anaconda3/bin:~/MyA pp/anaconda3/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sb in:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin:/home/anaconda3/bin REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE=<not set> SSL_CERT_FILE=<not set> active environment : None user config file : /home/sxw/.condarc populated config files : conda version : 23.7.4 conda-build version : 3.26.1 python version : 3.11.5.final.0 virtual packages : __archspec=1=x86_64 __glibc=2.35=0 __linux=5.15.0=0 __unix=0=0 base environment : /home/sxw/anaconda3 (writable) conda av data dir : /home/sxw/anaconda3/etc/conda conda av metadata url : None channel URLs : https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/main/linux-64 https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/main/noarch https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/r/linux-64 https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/r/noarch package cache : /home/sxw/anaconda3/pkgs /home/sxw/.conda/pkgs envs directories : /home/sxw/anaconda3/envs /home/sxw/.conda/envs platform : linux-64 user-agent : conda/23.7.4 requests/2.31.0 CPython/3.11.5 Linux/5.15.0-86-generic ubuntu/22.04.3 glibc/2.35 UID:GID : 1000:1000 netrc file : None offline mode : FalseAn unexpected error has occurred. Conda has prepared the above report.If you suspect this error is being caused by a malfunctioning plugin,consider using the --no-plugins option to turn off plugins.Example: conda --no-plugins install <package>Alternatively, you can set the CONDA_NO_PLUGINS environment variable onthe command line to run the command without plugins enabled.Example: CONDA_NO_PLUGINS=true conda install <package>If submitted, this report will be used by core maintainers to improvefuture releases of conda.Would you like conda to send this report to the core maintainers? [y/N]: Timeout reached. No report sent.

PlanB :也可以使用命令直接增加源 (直接粘贴可能同样报上述错误，请粘贴后检查是否有误)

#添加数据源：例如, 添加清华anaconda镜像：conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main/conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/pytorch/conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/msys2/其他镜像源，推荐使用中科大源# 中科大镜像源conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main/conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/msys2/conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/bioconda/conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/menpo/conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/# 阿里镜像源conda config --add channels https://mirrors.aliyun.com/anaconda/# 豆瓣的python的源conda config --add channels http://pypi.douban.com/simple/

2.# 拓展：关于conda的数据源，另外有下述操作可做选择

#显示目前conda的数据源有哪些

conda config --show channels

#删除数据源

conda config --remove channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/

#回复默认源

conda config --remove-key channels

六、创建新环境

一般在~/Anaconda3/envs 路径下新建环境，这样方便管理与区分，也可以跟自己自我喜好自建目录。

1. 先输入conda，进入conda环境

sxw@sxw-server:~/anaconda3$ condausage: conda [-h] [--no-plugins] [-V] COMMAND ...conda is a tool for managing and deploying applications, environments and packages.options: -h, --help Show this help message and exit. --no-plugins Disable all plugins that are not built into conda. -V, --version Show the conda version number and exit.commands: The following built-in and plugins subcommands are available. COMMAND build Build conda packages from a conda recipe. clean Remove unused packages and caches. compare Compare packages between conda environments. config Modify configuration values in .condarc. content-trust Signing and verification tools for Conda convert Convert pure Python packages to other platforms (a.k.a., subdirs). create Create a new conda environment from a list of specified packages. debug Debug the build or test phases of conda recipes. develop Install a Python package in 'development mode'. Similar to `pip install --editable`. doctor Display a health report for your environment. env See `conda env --help`. index Update package index metadata files. Pending deprecation, use https://github.com/conda/conda-index instead. info Display information about current conda install. init Initialize conda for shell interaction. inspect Tools for inspecting conda packages. install Install a list of packages into a specified conda environment. list List installed packages in a conda environment. metapackage Specialty tool for generating conda metapackage. notices Retrieve latest channel notifications. pack See `conda pack --help`. package Create low-level conda packages. (EXPERIMENTAL) remove (uninstall) Remove a list of packages from a specified conda environment. rename Rename an existing environment. render Expand a conda recipe into a platform-specific recipe. repo See `conda repo --help`. run Run an executable in a conda environment. search Search for packages and display associated information using the MatchSpec format. server See `conda server --help`. skeleton Generate boilerplate conda recipes. token See `conda token --help`. update (upgrade) Update conda packages to the latest compatible version. verify See `conda verify --help`.

2. 如果提示 not command，则因为第一次没有把conda写到环境变量中。输入下面命令

export PATH=~/anaconda3/bin:$PATHsource ~/.bashrc

3. 使用指令conda create --name 环境名称 python==3.9创建自己想要创建的环境（环境名称自己命名）。