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文章目录

一、学生成绩管理系统是什么？

二、信息管理的七个模块

1.Step one

2.Step Two 

3.Step Three

4.Step four

5.Step five

6.Step Six

7.Next

总结

一、学生成绩管理系统是什么？

       学生信息管理系统能够方便地查询和变更学生的基本数据（例如增删改查），节省大量工作时间，有效地提高学生信息管理的效率。今天要讲的是以下7个模块。

1. 学生信息输入模块。其中包括学生信息的输入和存储，同时考虑学号输入的健壮性，避免输入重复的学号。

2. 学生信息更新模块。提供对学生信息的修改和删除功能，同时也需要进行学号输入的检查，避免出现不合法的学号。

3. 成绩查询模块。可以按照学号或姓名查找学生信息，并输出学生的成绩信息。

4. 成绩统计模块。可以对所有学生的成绩按个人、按专业、按课程和按班级进行升序和降序的统计和排名，并输出成绩排名。

5. 成绩输出模块。可以按照不同的格式输出学生的成绩信息，包括按照学号、姓名、成绩等排序。

6. 系统帮助模块。提供系统使用的帮助信息，包括各个模块的使用方法和注意事项。

7. 退出系统模块。可以在任何时候退出系统。

二、信息管理的七个模块

1.Step one

数据结构设计：

在实现该系统之前，我们需要先设计一下需要用到的数据结构。我们可以定义一个结构体来表示学生的基本信息和成绩信息。

struct Student{

  char name[20];  // 学生姓名

  int stu_id;     // 学生学号

  float grade[4]; // 四门课程的成绩

};

为了实现学号的输入和检查，我们需要将学生信息存储在一个链表中，每个节点表示一个学生。

struct Student_List{

  struct Student student;

  struct Student_List *next;

};

2.Step Two 

学生信息输入模块：

我们需要设计一个函数来读入学生信息，将其存储在链表中。

void enter_new_student(struct Student_List *head)

{

  struct Student_List *new_student;

  struct Student_List *p;

  new_student = (struct Student_List *)malloc(sizeof(struct Student_List)); // 为新学生分配内存空间

  printf("\n请输入新学生的姓名：");

  scanf("%s", new_student->student.name);

  printf("请输入学生学号：");

  scanf("%d", &new_student->student.stu_id);

  p = head->next;

  while(p != NULL)   // 检查学号是否重复

  {

    if(p->student.stu_id == new_student->student.stu_id)

    {

      printf("学号重复，请重新输入：");

      scanf("%d", &new_student->student.stu_id);

      p = head->next;

    }

    else{

      p = p->next;

    }

  }

  printf("请输入四门功课的成绩：");

  for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

  {

    scanf("%f", &new_student->student.grade[i]);

  }

  new_student->next = head->next;   // 把新学生插入链表头部

  head->next = new_student;

}

3.Step Three

学生信息更新模块

我们需要实现一个函数来更新学生信息。首先，我们需要输入要更新的学生的学号。如果学号存在，则将学生的基本信息和成绩信息读入，然后更新到链表中。

void update_student_info(struct Student_List *head)

{

  int id;

  printf("\n请输入要更新的学生学号：");

  scanf("%d", &id);

  struct Student_List *p;

  p = head->next;

  while(p != NULL)   // 查找学号对应的学生

  {

    if(p->student.stu_id == id)

    {

      printf("请输入学生姓名：");

      scanf("%s", p->student.name);

      printf("请输入四门功课的成绩：");

      for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

      {

        scanf("%f", &p->student.grade[i]);

      }

      printf("学生信息已更新！\n");

      return;

    }

    else{

      p = p->next;

    }

  }

  printf("没有找到该学号对应的学生！\n");

}

4.Step four

成绩查询模块

我们需要设计一个函数，可以按照学号或姓名查找学生信息。如果查到学生信息，则输出其基本信息和成绩信息。

void search_student_info(struct Student_List *head)

{

  int choice;

  printf("\n请输入查询方式（1为按学号查询，2为按姓名查询）：");

  scanf("%d", &choice);

  if(choice == 1)

  {

    int id;

    printf("请输入学生学号：");

    scanf("%d", &id);

    struct Student_List *p;

    p = head->next;

    while(p != NULL)   // 查找学号对应的学生

    {

      if(p->student.stu_id == id)

      {

        printf("姓名：%s 学号：%d\n", p->student.name, p->student.stu_id);

        printf("语文成绩：%f 数学成绩：%f 英语成绩：%f 物理成绩：%f\n", p->student.grade[0], p->student.grade[1], p->student.grade[2], p->student.grade[3]);

        return;

      }

      else{

        p = p->next;

      }

    }

    printf("没有找到该学号对应的学生！\n");

  }

  else if(choice == 2)

  {

    char name[20];

    printf("请输入学生姓名：");

    scanf("%s", name);

    struct Student_List *p;

    p = head->next;

    while(p != NULL)   // 查找姓名对应的学生

    {

      if(strcmp(p->student.name, name) == 0)

      {

        printf("姓名：%s 学号：%d\n", p->student.name, p->student.stu_id);

        printf("语文成绩：%f 数学成绩：%f 英语成绩：%f 物理成绩：%f\n", p->student.grade[0], p->student.grade[1], p->student.grade[2], p->student.grade[3]);

        return;

      }

      else{

        p = p->next;

      }

    }

    printf("没有找到该姓名对应的学生！\n");

  }

  else{

    printf("输入有误，请重新输入！\n");

    search_student_info(head);

  }

}

5.Step five

成绩统计模块

我们需要实现一个函数对所有学生的成绩按个人、按专业、按课程和按班级进行升序和降序的统计和排名，并输出成绩排名。

int cmp(const void *a, const void *b)

{

  struct Student_List *p1 = *(struct Student_List **)a;

  struct Student_List *p2 = *(struct Student_List **)b;

  int sum1 = 0, sum2 = 0;

  for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

  {

    sum1 += p1->student.grade[i];

    sum2 += p2->student.grade[i];

  }

  float avg1 = (float)sum1 / 4;

  float avg2 = (float)sum2 / 4;

  if(avg1 < avg2)

    return -1;

  else if(avg1 == avg2)

    return 0;

  else

    return 1;

}

void rank_students(struct Student_List *head)

{

  int choice, by_order;

  printf("\n请选择要排序的方式（1为按平均分排序，2为按语文成绩排序，3为按数学成绩排序，4为按英语成绩排序，5为按物理成绩排序）：");

  scanf("%d", &choice);

  printf("请选择排序方式（1为升序，2为降序）：");

  scanf("%d", &by_order);

  int count = 1;

  struct Student_List *p;

  p = head->next;

  int nums = 0;

  // 统计学生总数

  while(p != NULL)

  {

    nums++;

    p = p->next;

  }

  // 动态分配内存

  struct Student_List **list = (struct Student_List **)malloc(nums * sizeof(struct Student_List *));

  p = head->next;

  for(int i = 0; i < nums; i++)

  {

    list[i] = p;

    p = p->next;

  }

  // 根据不同的排序方式调用快排函数

  switch(choice)

  {

    case 1:

      qsort(list, nums, sizeof(struct Student_List *), cmp);

      break;

    case 2:

      break;

    case 3:

      break;

    case 4:

      break;

    case 5:

      break;

    default:

      printf("输入有误，请重新输入！\n");

      rank_students(head);

  }

  // 按升序或降序输出结果

  if(by_order == 1)

  {

    printf("名次  姓名    平均分\n");

    for(int i = 0; i < nums; i++)

    {

      printf("%-4d  %-6s %4.2f\n", count, list[i]->student.name, average(list[i]));

      if(i == nums - 1 || average(list[i]) != average(list[i+1]))

        count++;

    }

  }

  else if(by_order == 2)

  {

    printf("名次  姓名    平均分\n");

    for(int i = nums - 1; i >= 0; i--)

    {

      printf("%-4d  %-6s %4.2f\n", count, list[i]->student.name, average(list[i]));

      if(i == 0 || average(list[i]) != average(list[i-1]))

        count++;

    }

  }

  else{

    printf("输入有误，请重新输入！\n");

    rank_students(head);

  }

  // 释放内存

  free(list);

}

// 计算学生平均分的函数

float average(struct Student_List *p)

{

  int sum = 0;

  for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

  {

    sum += p->student.grade[i];

  }

  return (float)sum / 4;

}

6.Step Six

成绩输出模块

我们需要设计一个函数，可以按照不同的格式输出学生的成绩信息，包括按照学号、姓名、成绩等排序。

void print_students(struct Student_List *head)

{

  int choice;

  printf("\n请选择要排序的方式（1为按学号排序，2为按姓名排序，3为按平均分排序，4为按语文成绩排序，5为按数学成绩排序，6为按英语成绩排序，7为按物理成绩排序）：");

  scanf("%d", &choice);

  struct Student_List **list = (struct Student_List **)malloc(nums * sizeof(struct Student_List *));

  struct Student_List *p;

  p = head->next;

  // 构建链表节点的指针数组

  for(int i = 0; i < nums; i++)

  {

    list[i] = p;

    p = p->next;

  }

  // 根据不同的排序方式对链表节点的指针数组进行排序

  switch(choice)

  {

    case 1:

      qsort(list, nums, sizeof(struct Student_List *), cmp_id);

      break;

    case 2:

      qsort(list, nums, sizeof(struct Student_List *), cmp_name);

      break;

    case 3:

      qsort(list, nums, sizeof(struct Student_List *), cmp);

      break;

    case 4:

      qsort(list, nums, sizeof(struct Student_List *), cmp_chinese);

      break;

    case 5:

      qsort(list, nums, sizeof(struct Student_List *), cmp_math);

      break;

    case 6:

      qsort(list, nums, sizeof(struct Student_List *), cmp_english);

      break;

    case 7:

      qsort(list, nums, sizeof(struct Student_List *), cmp_physics);

      break;

    default:

      printf("输入有误，请重新输入！\n");

      print_students(head);

  }

  // 输出排序后的结果

  printf("姓名    学号    平均分  语文  数学  英语  物理\n");

  for(int i = 0; i < nums; i++)

  {

    printf("%-6s %4d    %4.2f   %4.1f  %4.1f  %4.1f  %4.1f\n", 

      list[i]->student.name, list[i]->student.stu_id, average(list[i]),

      list[i]->student.grade[0], list[i]->student.grade[1], list[i]->student.grade[2], list[i]->student.grade[3]);

  }

  // 释放内存

  free(list);

}

// 对学号进行比较的函数

int cmp_id(const void *a, const void *b)

{

  struct Student_List *p1 = *(struct Student_List **)a;

  struct Student_List *p2 = *(struct Student_List **)b;

  if(p1->student.stu_id < p2->student.stu_id)

    return -1;

  else if(p1->student.stu_id == p2->student.stu_id)

    return 0;

  else

    return 1;

}

// 对姓名进行比较的函数

int cmp_name(const void *a, const void *b)

{

  struct Student_List *p1 = *(struct Student_List **)a;

  struct Student_List *p2 = *(struct Student_List **)b;

  return strcmp(p1->student.name, p2->student.name);

}

// 对语文成绩进行比较的函数

int cmp_chinese(const void *a, const void *b)

{

  struct Student_List *p1 = *(struct Student_List **)a;

  struct Student_List *p2 = *(struct Student_List **)b;

  if(p1->student.grade[0] > p2->student.grade[0])

    return -1;

  else if(p1->student.grade[0] == p2->student.grade[0])

    return 0;

  else

    return 1;

}

// 对数学成绩进行比较的函数

int cmp_math(const void *a, const void *b)

{

  struct Student_List *p1 = *(struct Student_List **)a;

  struct Student_List *p2 = *(struct Student_List **)b;

  if(p1->student.grade[1] > p2->student.grade[1])

    return -1;

  else if(p1->student.grade[1] == p2->student.grade[1])

    return 0;

  else

    return 1;

}

// 对英语成绩进行比较的函数

int cmp_english(const void *a, const void *b)

{

  struct Student_List *p1 = *(struct Student_List **)a;

  struct Student_List *p2 = *(struct Student_List **)b;

  if(p1->student.grade[2] > p2->student.grade[2])

    return -1;

  else if(p1->student.grade[2] == p2->student.grade[2])

    return 0;

  else

    return 1;

}

// 对物理成绩进行比较的函数

int cmp_physics(const void *a, const void *b)

{

  struct Student_List *p1 = *(struct Student_List **)a;

  struct Student_List *p2 = *(struct Student_List **)b;

  if(p1->student.grade[3] > p2->student.grade[3])

    return -1;

  else if(p1->student.grade[3] == p2->student.grade[3])

    return 0;

  else

    return 1;

}

7.Next

以下是完整代码，且可以运行，有需要的小伙伴可以复制下来自己运行一下噢，如果有帮助的话，请给大师我点点赞，大师在此先行谢谢C友了！

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#define MAX_STUDENTS 100

#define MAX_NAME_LEN 30

#define MAX_ID_LEN 20

#define MAX_MAJOR_LEN 50

#define MAX_COURSE_LEN 50

#define GRADE_NUM 3

struct student {

char name[MAX_NAME_LEN];

char id[MAX_ID_LEN];

char major[MAX_MAJOR_LEN];

float grades[GRADE_NUM];

};

struct student students[MAX_STUDENTS];

int num_students = 0;

void input_student_info();

void update_student_info();

void query_grades();

void report_grades();

void output_grades();

void help();

void exit_system();

int main() {

int choice = 0;

while (1) {

printf("==== Student Grade Management System ====\n");

printf("1. Input Student Information\n");

printf("2. Update Student Information\n");

printf("3. Query Grades\n");

printf("4. Report Grades\n");

printf("5. Output Grades\n");

printf("6. Help\n");

printf("7. Exit\n");

printf("Please enter your choice (1-7):\n");

scanf("%d", &choice);

switch (choice) {

case 1:

input_student_info();

break;

case 2:

update_student_info();

break;

case 3:

query_grades();

break;

case 4:

report_grades();

break;

case 5:

output_grades();

break;

case 6:

help();

break;

case 7:

exit_system();

return 0;

default:

printf("Invalid choice!\n");

break;

}

}

}

void input_student_info() {

if (num_students >= MAX_STUDENTS) {

printf("Too many students, cannot input more!\n");

return;

}

struct student new_student;

printf("Please enter the name of the student:\n");

scanf("%s", new_student.name);

printf("Please enter the ID of the student:\n");

scanf("%s", new_student.id);

for (int i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {

if (strcmp(students[i].id, new_student.id) == 0) {

printf("Duplicate ID, please input again!\n");

return;

}

}

printf("Please enter the major of the student:\n");

scanf("%s", new_student.major);

printf("Please enter the grades of the student (3 numbers separated by spaces):\n");

scanf("%f %f %f", &new_student.grades[0], &new_student.grades[1], &new_student.grades[2]);

students[num_students++] = new_student;

printf("Student information input successful!\n");

}

void update_student_info() {

char id[MAX_ID_LEN];

printf("Please enter the ID of the student to be updated:\n");

scanf("%s", id);

int found = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {

if (strcmp(students[i].id, id) == 0) {

found = 1;

printf("1. Update Name\n");

printf("2. Update Major\n");

printf("3. Update Grades\n");

printf("4. Delete Student\n");

printf("Please enter your choice (1-4):\n");

int choice = 0;

scanf("%d", &choice);

switch (choice) {

case 1:

printf("Please enter the new name of the student:\n");

scanf("%s", students[i].name);

printf("Name updated successful!\n");

break;

case 2:

printf("Please enter the new major of the student:\n");

scanf("%s", students[i].major);

printf("Major updated successful!\n");

break;

case 3:

printf("Please enter the new grades of the student (3 numbers separated by spaces):\n");

scanf("%f %f %f", &students[i].grades[0], &students[i].grades[1], &students[i].grades[2]);

printf("Grades updated successful!\n");

break;

case 4:

for (int j = i + 1; j < num_students; j++) {

students[j - 1] = students[j];

}

num_students--;

printf("Student deleted successful!\n");

break;

default:

printf("Invalid choice!\n");

break;

}

break;

}

}

if (!found) {

printf("Student not found!\n");

}

}

void query_grades() {

printf("1. Query by ID\n");

printf("2. Query by Name\n");

printf("Please enter your choice (1-2):\n");

int choice = 0;

scanf("%d", &choice);

switch (choice) {

case 1:

printf("Please enter the ID of the student:\n");

char id[MAX_ID_LEN];

scanf("%s", id);

for (int i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {

if (strcmp(students[i].id, id) == 0) {

printf("Name: %s\n", students[i].name);

printf("ID: %s\n", students[i].id);

printf("Major: %s\n", students[i].major);

printf("Grades: %.1f %.1f %.1f\n", students[i].grades[0], students[i].grades[1], students[i].grades[2]);

return;

}

}

printf("Student not found!\n");

break;

case 2:

printf("Please enter the name of the student:\n");

char name[MAX_NAME_LEN];

scanf("%s", name);

for (int i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {

if (strcmp(students[i].name, name) == 0) {

printf("Name: %s\n", students[i].name);

printf("ID: %s\n", students[i].id);

printf("Major: %s\n", students[i].major);

printf("Grades: %.1f %.1f %.1f\n", students[i].grades[0], students[i].grades[1], students[i].grades[2]);

return;

}

}

printf("Student not found!\n");

break;

default:

printf("Invalid choice!\n");

break;

}

}

void report_grades() {

printf("1. By Name\n");

printf("2. By Major\n");

printf("3. By Course\n");

printf("4. By Class\n");

printf("Please enter your choice (1-4):\n");

int choice = 0;

scanf("%d", &choice);

switch (choice) {

case 1:

printf("Report by Name:\n");

printf("Name\tID\tGrades\tRank\n");

for (int i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {

float avg_grade = (students[i].grades[0] + students[i].grades[1] + students[i].grades[2]) / 3;

int rank = 1;

for (int j = 0; j < num_students; j++) {

if (i != j) {

float other_avg_grade = (students[j].grades[0] + students[j].grades[1] + students[j].grades[2]) / 3;

if (other_avg_grade > avg_grade) {

rank++;

}

}

}

printf("%s\t%s\t%.1f %.1f %.1f\t%d\n", students[i].name, students[i].id, students[i].grades[0], students[i].grades[1], students[i].grades[2], rank);

}

break;

case 2:

printf("Report by Major:\n");

printf("Major\tCount\tAverage Grade\n");

for (int i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {

char *major = students[i].major;

int count = 1;

float total_grade = students[i].grades[0] + students[i].grades[1] + students[i].grades[2];

for (int j = i + 1; j < num_students; j++) {

if (strcmp(students[j].major, major) == 0) {

count++;

total_grade += students[j].grades[0] + students[j].grades[1] + students[j].grades[2];

}

}

float avg_grade = total_grade / (count * 3);

printf("%s\t%d\t%.1f\n", major, count, avg_grade);

i += count - 1;

}

break;

case 3: {

printf("Please enter the course name:\n");

char course[MAX_COURSE_LEN];

scanf("%s", course);

printf("Report by Course (%s):\n", course);

printf("Name\tID\tGrade\n");

for (int i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {

printf("%s\t%s\t%.1f\n", students[i].name, students[i].id, students[i].grades[choice - 1]);

}

break;

}

case 4: {

printf("Please enter the class name:\n");

char class_name[MAX_MAJOR_LEN];

scanf("%s", class_name);

printf("Report by Class (%s):\n", class_name);

printf("Name\tID\tGrades\tRank\n");

for (int i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {

if (strcmp(students[i].major, class_name) == 0) {

float avg_grade = (students[i].grades[0] + students[i].grades[1] + students[i].grades[2]) / 3;

int rank = 1;

for (int j = 0; j < num_students; j++) {

if (i != j && strcmp(students[j].major, class_name) == 0) {

float other_avg_grade = (students[j].grades[0] + students[j].grades[1] + students[j].grades[2]) / 3;

if (other_avg_grade > avg_grade) {

rank++;

}

}

}

printf("%s\t%s\t%.1f %.1f %.1f\t%d\n", students[i].name, students[i].id, students[i].grades[0], students[i].grades[1], students[i].grades[2], rank);

}

}

break;

}

default:

printf("Invalid choice!\n");

break;

}

}

void output_grades() {

printf("1. By ID\n");

printf("2. By Name\n");

printf("3. By Grade\n");

printf("Please enter your choice (1-3):\n");

int choice = 0;

scanf("%d", &choice);

switch (choice) {

case 1:

printf("Output by ID:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {

printf("%s\t%s\t%.1f %.1f %.1f\n", students[i].id, students[i].name, students[i].grades[0], students[i].grades[1], students[i].grades[2]);

}

break;

case 2:

printf("Output by Name:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {

printf("%s\t%s\t%.1f %.1f %.1f\n", students[i].name, students[i].id, students[i].grades[0], students[i].grades[1], students[i].grades[2]);

}

break;

case 3:

printf("Output by Grade:\n");

printf("Name\tID\tSum\tAverage\n");

for (int i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {

float sum_grade = students[i].grades[0] + students[i].grades[1] + students[i].grades[2];

float avg_grade = sum_grade / 3;

printf("%s\t%s\t%.1f\t%.1f\n", students[i].name, students[i].id, sum_grade, avg_grade);

}

break;

default:

printf("Invalid choice!\n");

break;

}

}

void help() {

printf("Welcome to Student Grade Management System!\n");

printf("1. Input Student Information: Input the name, ID, major and grades of a new student.\n");

printf("2. Update Student Information: Update the name, major or grades of a student, or delete a student.\n");

printf("3. Query Grades: Query the grades of a student by ID or name.\n");

printf("4. Report Grades: Generate a report of the grades of all students, by name, major, course or class.\n");

printf("5. Output Grades: Output the grades of all students, sorted by ID, name or grade.\n");

printf("6. Help: Show this message.\n");

printf("7. Exit: Exit the system.\n");

}

void exit_system() {

printf("Thank you for using Student Grade Management System, see you next time!\n");

}

总结

        以上就是今天要讲的内容，本文仔细介绍了学生管理系统模块化的开发，提供了比较完整且有序的撰写思路，先前模块的思路仅供参考，最终以源码为准。如果觉得博主的文章能够帮到你，还记得点点关注，以下是博主的其它文章，有兴趣的小伙伴可以看看噢。