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Mac 安装 Python2、Python3 。

零、基础准备

官网

https://www.python.org/下载入口

https://www.python.org/downloads/https://www.python.org/downloads/macos/

一、安装包下载及安装

安装包下载的页面路径是：官网>>> Downloads>>> macOS

其他平台根据请自己的实际情况选择

安装包下载的页面路径也可以是：官网>>> Downloads(点击)

进入到版本选择页面

最上面是最新的 Release 版本，分别是2.x的最新版本和3.x的最新版python怎么画拱形。

可以下载最新的 Release 版本进行安装，也可以通过搜索选择自己想要的版本进行安装。

通过搜索找到「2.7.16」

通过搜索找到「3.9.9」

强烈推荐下载最新的 Release 版进行安装

点击对应的链接分别下载即可(下载的过程中注意操作系统的架构和位数)。

👆下载「2.7.18」

👆下载「3.10.6」

👆下载好的安装包

使用下载好的安装包一直「下一步」即可安装对应版本的 python。

二、安装确认

1、Python2

查看版本号

<code>$ python -V

Python 2.7.18

帮助命令

$ python -h

usage: /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Resources/Python.app/Contents/MacOS/Python [option] ... [-c cmd | -m mod | file | -] [arg] ...

Options and arguments (and corresponding environment variables):

-b : issue warnings about comparing bytearray with unicode

(-bb: issue errors)

-B : don't write .py[co] files on import; also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=x

-c cmd : program passed in as string (terminates option list)

-d : debug output from parser; also PYTHONDEBUG=x

-E : ignore PYTHON* environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH)

-h : print this help message and exit (also --help)

-i : inspect interactively after running ; forces a prompt even

if stdin does not appear to be a terminal; also PYTHONINSPECT=x

-m mod : run library module as a (terminates option list)

-O : optimize generated bytecode slightly; also PYTHONOPTIMIZE=x

-OO : remove doc-strings in addition to the -O optimizations

-R : use a pseudo-random salt to make hash() values of various types be

unpredictable between separate invocations of the interpreter, as

a defense against denial-of-service attacks

-Q arg : division options: -Qold (default), -Qwarn, -Qwarnall, -Qnew

-s : don't add user site directory to sys.path; also PYTHONNOUSERSITE

-S : don't imply 'import site' on initialization

-t : issue warnings about inconsistent tab usage (-tt: issue errors)

-u : unbuffered binary stdout and stderr; also PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x

see man page for details on internal buffering relating to '-u'

-v : verbose (trace import statements); also PYTHONVERBOSE=x

can be supplied multiple times to increase verbosity

-V : print the Python version number and exit (also --version)

-W arg : warning control; arg is action:message:category:module:lineno

also PYTHONWARNINGS=arg

-x : skip first line of source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of #!cmd

-3 : warn about Python 3.x incompatibilities that 2to3 cannot trivially fix

file : program read from file

- : program read from stdin (default; interactive mode if a tty)

arg ...: arguments passed to program in sys.argv[1:]

Other environment variables:

PYTHONSTARTUP: file executed on interactive startup (no default)

PYTHONPATH : ':'-separated list of directories prefixed to the

default module search path. The result is sys.path.

PYTHONHOME : alternate <prefix> directory (or <prefix>:<exec_prefix>).

The default module search path uses <prefix>/pythonX.X.

PYTHONCASEOK : ignore case in 'import' statements (Windows).

PYTHONIOENCODING: Encoding[:errors] used for stdin/stdout/stderr.

PYTHONHASHSEED: if this variable is set to 'random', the effect is the same

as specifying the -R option: a random value is used to seed the hashes of

str, bytes and datetime objects. It can also be set to an integer

in the range [0,4294967295] to get hash values with a predictable seed.

2、Python3

查看版本号

$ python3 -V

Python 3.10.6

帮助命令

$ python3 -h

usage: /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin/python3 [option] ... [-c cmd | -m mod | file | -] [arg] ...

Options and arguments (and corresponding environment variables):

-b : issue warnings about str(bytes_instance), str(bytearray_instance)

and comparing bytes/bytearray with str. (-bb: issue errors)

-B : don't write .pyc files on import; also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=x

-c cmd : program passed in as string (terminates option list)

-d : turn on parser debugging output (for experts only, only works on

debug builds); also PYTHONDEBUG=x

-E : ignore PYTHON* environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH)

-h : print this help message and exit (also -? or --help)

-i : inspect interactively after running ; forces a prompt even

if stdin does not appear to be a terminal; also PYTHONINSPECT=x

-I : isolate Python from the user's environment (implies -E and -s)

-m mod : run library module as a (terminates option list)

-O : remove assert and __debug__-dependent statements; add .opt-1 before

.pyc extension; also PYTHONOPTIMIZE=x

-OO : do -O changes and also discard docstrings; add .opt-2 before

.pyc extension

-q : don't print version and copyright messages on interactive startup

-s : don't add user site directory to sys.path; also PYTHONNOUSERSITE

-S : don't imply 'import site' on initialization

-u : force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered;

this option has no effect on stdin; also PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x

-v : verbose (trace import statements); also PYTHONVERBOSE=x

can be supplied multiple times to increase verbosity

-V : print the Python version number and exit (also --version)

when given twice, print more information about the build

-W arg : warning control; arg is action:message:category:module:lineno

also PYTHONWARNINGS=arg

-x : skip first line of source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of #!cmd

-X opt : set implementation-specific option. The following options are available:

-X faulthandler: enable faulthandler

-X showrefcount: output the total reference count and number of used

memory blocks when the program finishes or after each statement in the

interactive interpreter. This only works on debug builds

-X tracemalloc: start tracing Python memory allocations using the

tracemalloc module. By default, only the most recent frame is stored in a

traceback of a trace. Use -X tracemalloc=NFRAME to start tracing with a

traceback limit of NFRAME frames

-X importtime: show how long each import takes. It shows module name,

cumulative time (including nested imports) and self time (excluding

nested imports). Note that its output may be broken in multi-threaded

application. Typical usage is python3 -X importtime -c 'import asyncio'

-X dev: enable CPython's "development mode", introducing additional runtime

checks which are too expensive to be enabled by default. Effect of the

developer mode:

* Add default warning filter, as -W default

* Install debug hooks on memory allocators: see the PyMem_SetupDebugHooks()

C function

* Enable the faulthandler module to dump the Python traceback on a crash

* Enable asyncio debug mode

* Set the dev_mode attribute of sys.flags to True

* io.IOBase destructor logs close() exceptions

-X utf8: enable UTF-8 mode for operating system interfaces, overriding the default

locale-aware mode. -X utf8=0 explicitly disables UTF-8 mode (even when it would

otherwise activate automatically)

-X pycache_prefix=PATH: enable writing .pyc files to a parallel tree rooted at the

given directory instead of to the code tree

-X warn_default_encoding: enable opt-in EncodingWarning for 'encoding=None'

--check-hash-based-pycs always|default|never:

control how Python invalidates hash-based .pyc files

file : program read from file

- : program read from stdin (default; interactive mode if a tty)

arg ...: arguments passed to program in sys.argv[1:]

Other environment variables:

PYTHONSTARTUP: file executed on interactive startup (no default)

PYTHONPATH : ':'-separated list of directories prefixed to the

default module search path. The result is sys.path.

PYTHONHOME : alternate <prefix> directory (or <prefix>:<exec_prefix>).

The default module search path uses <prefix>/lib/pythonX.X.

PYTHONPLATLIBDIR : override sys.platlibdir.

PYTHONCASEOK : ignore case in 'import' statements (Windows).

PYTHONUTF8: if set to 1, enable the UTF-8 mode.

PYTHONIOENCODING: Encoding[:errors] used for stdin/stdout/stderr.

PYTHONFAULTHANDLER: dump the Python traceback on fatal errors.

PYTHONHASHSEED: if this variable is set to 'random', a random value is used

to seed the hashes of str and bytes objects. It can also be set to an

integer in the range [0,4294967295] to get hash values with a

predictable seed.

PYTHONMALLOC: set the Python memory allocators and/or install debug hooks

on Python memory allocators. Use PYTHONMALLOC=debug to install debug

hooks.

PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE: if this variable is set to 0, it disables the locale

coercion behavior. Use PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=warn to request display of

locale coercion and locale compatibility warnings on stderr.

PYTHONBREAKPOINT: if this variable is set to 0, it disables the default

debugger. It can be set to the callable of your debugger of choice.

PYTHONDEVMODE: enable the development mode.

PYTHONPYCACHEPREFIX: root directory for bytecode cache (pyc) files.

PYTHONWARNDEFAULTENCODING: enable opt-in EncodingWarning for 'encoding=None'.

三、其他

除了使用python、python3命令来调用对应版本的 python 外，还可以使用如下的命令来调用对应版本的 python。

$ python2 -V

Python 2.7.18

$ python2.7 -V

Python 2.7.18

$ python3.10 -V

Python 3.10.6

这些都可以可以在 /usr/local/bin 这个目录下看到相关命令对应的「软连接」。

$ pwd

/usr/local/bin

$ ls -l | grep python

python -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/python

python-config -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/python-config

python2 -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/python2

python2-config -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/python2-config

python2.7 -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/python2.7

python2.7-config -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/python2.7-config

python3 -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin/python3

python3-config -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin/python3-config

python3-intel64 -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin/python3-intel64

python3.10 -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin/python3.10

python3.10-config -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin/python3.10-config

python3.10-intel64 -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin/python3.10-intel64

pythonw -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/pythonw

pythonw2 -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/pythonw2

pythonw2.7 -> ../../../Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/bin/pythonw2.7

PS：python2和python3的兼容性一直被广大开发者诟病。